- Ultimately, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks of TiO2 in water supplies and to develop effective strategies for mitigating those risks. By staying informed and making informed choices, we can help ensure that TiO2 does not pose a threat to human health or the environment.
The most significant uncertainty identified by the EU experts was the concern that TiO2 particles may have genotoxic effects. Genotoxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to directly damage genetic material within a cell (DNA), which may lead to cancer in certain situations. Although the experts did not conclude that TiO2 particles in E171 are genotoxic, they could not rule out the concern that they might be.
- In the wholesale sector, dioxygen dioxide is primarily sourced from ozone generators, which use electricity to produce ozone from atmospheric oxygen. These generators are often employed in large-scale industrial processes, such as water treatment facilities, where ozone effectively eliminates bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms without leaving any residual chemicals.
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Fig. 6. AOPP measured on samples of MSSA with: A) 0.2 mg/mL P25TiO2NPs; B) 0.02 mg/mL P25TiO2NPs; C) 0.2 mg/mL VitaminB2@P25TiO2NPs; D) 0.02 mg/mL VitaminB2@P25TiO2NPs after 3 h of irradiation (red) and 6 h (blue). SD <1 (error bars too small to be seen) and p < 0.05 between C-D and A-B.

It's all over the place in our environment, said Dr. Johnson-Arbor.
Why does the exposure route matter, and what's the risk?
For a mini-review published in the journal Particle and Fibre Technology in 2021, scientists wanted to evaluate whether Ti02 particles contributed to the development and/or exacerbation of irritable bowel disease, and whether they altered the four elements of intestinal barrier function: the intestinal microbiota, the immune system, the mucus layer, and the epithelium. The breakdown of these four elements can contribute to autoimmune, neurological, inflammatory, infectious, and metabolic diseases. Following their review, the researchers concluded: “Data indicate that TiO2 is able to alter the four compartments of IBF and to induce a low-grade intestinal inflammation associated or not with pre-neoplastic lesions.”
However, humans are not exposed to E171 in drinking water at any significant quantity over a long duration, so this potential effect is irrelevant to the human experience. It’s important to understand that a potential hazard is not the same thing as an actual risk.


Topical Exposure