Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is considered as an inert and safe material and has been used in many applications for decades. However, with the development of nanotechnologies TiO₂ nanoparticles, with numerous novel and useful properties, are increasingly manufactured and used. Therefore increased human and environmental exposure can be expected, which has put TiO₂ nanoparticles under toxicological scrutiny. Mechanistic toxicological studies show that TiO₂ nanoparticles predominantly cause adverse effects via induction of oxidative stress resulting in cell damage, genotoxicity, inflammation, immune response etc. The extent and type of damage strongly depends on physical and chemical characteristics of TiO₂ nanoparticles, which govern their bioavailability and reactivity. Based on the experimental evidence from animal inhalation studies TiO₂ nanoparticles are classified as “possible carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and as occupational carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The studies on dermal exposure to TiO₂ nanoparticles, which is in humans substantial through the use of sunscreens, generally indicate negligible transdermal penetration; however data are needed on long-term exposure and potential adverse effects of photo-oxidation products. Although TiO₂ is permitted as an additive (E171) in food and pharmaceutical products we do not have reliable data on its absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity on oral exposure. TiO₂ may also enter environment, and while it exerts low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, upon long-term exposure it induces a range of sub-lethal effects.

There are many ways we’re exposed to titanium dioxide in our everyday life. Below are the most common ways we encounter titanium dioxide. 

Respiratory Exposure 

The supply in North America remained adequate, as companies were seen constantly altering their production rates in response to the volatility in the demand pattern. In the final week of September, news of Chemours' forthcoming titanium dioxide factory in Georgia valued USD 86 million alleviated fears about supply strain.

The conjugation of vitamin C to the P25TiO₂NPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy of lyophilized vitaminC@P25TiO₂NPs suspensions. The typical absorbance peak of ascorbic acid at 265 nm was found. However, no further characterization was done because they did not show the expected protective effect against the photo-induced cell damage (Fig. 3).

Très apprécié dans le travail des Icônes pour éclaircir, mais également pour les vernis, émaux, peintures, plastique et papier. A l'inverse, ne pas utiliser ce produit dans les applications cosmétiques, comme additif alimentaire ou comme additif médicamenteux.

Despite its many advantages, the production of lithopone is not without its challenges. The raw materials used to make lithopone, particularly zinc sulfide, can be expensive and difficult to source. In addition, the production process itself can be complex and energy-intensive, requiring specialized equipment and skilled workers to operate. As a result, lithopone manufacturers must carefully manage their operations to ensure they remain competitive in the market.