(1) Konaka et al. 1999. (2) Serpone et al. 2006. (3) Brezova et al. 2004. (4) Dunford et al. 1997. (5) Warner et al. 1997. (6) Salinaro et al. 1997. (7) Maness et al. 1999.

Lithopone can also be used as raw material of putty to fill gaps; Adding 20% lithopone to the concrete to make artificial quartz without harming its light resistance and solidification; It can improve the impact resistance and electrical performance when used in fire safety polyester chemicals; These are the raw materials of audio vinyl records used for turbojet engine dye and thermal insulation coating and insulating layer.

In the meantime, some big manufacturers boosted their product pricing to better their margins, such as Venator, which increased its titanium dioxide prices by roughly 160 USD /MT for the third quarter of 2021 in the North America region. Overall, prices for Anatase grade in the United States hovered about 3485 USD /MT through the end of June.

We know that there are a lot of suspended organisms and colloidal impurities in natural water. The forms of suspended solids are different. Some large particles of suspended solids can settle under their own gravity. The other is colloidal particles, which is an important reason for the turbidity of water. Colloidal particles can not be removed by natural settlement, because colloidal particles in water are mainly clay with negative electricity The Brownian motion of colloidal particles and the hydration on the surface of colloidal particles make colloidal particles have dispersion stability. Among them, electrostatic repulsion has the greatest influence. If coagulant is added to water, it can provide a large number of positive ions and accelerate the coagulation and precipitation of colloid. Compressing the diffusion layer of micelles makes the potential change into an unstable factor, which is also conducive to the adsorption and condensation of micelles. The water molecules in the hydrated film have fixed contact with the colloidal particles and have high elastic viscosity. It is necessary to overcome the special resistance to expel these water molecules. This resistance hinders the direct contact of the colloidal particles. The existence of some hydrated films depends on the electric double layer state. If coagulant is added to reduce the zeta potential, the hydration may be weakened. The polymer materials formed after coagulant hydrolysis (the polymer materials directly added into water generally have chain structure) play an adsorption bridging role between the colloidal particles. Even if the zeta potential does not decrease or does not decrease much, the colloidal particles can not contact each other and can be adsorbed through the polymer chain Colloidal particles can also form flocs.

Titanium dioxide has similar uses in non-food products. It is used in sunscreen as effective protection against UVA/UVB rays from the sun, which creates a physical barrier between the sun’s rays and the skin. It’s also used to whiten paint, paper, plastic, ink, rubber, and cosmetics.

Prof. Matthew Wright, chair of EFSA’s working group on E171, noted: “Although the evidence for general toxic effects was not conclusive, on the basis of the new data and strengthened methods we could not rule out a concern for genotoxicity and consequently we could not establish a safe level for daily intake of the food additive.”

Colour Characteristics

In 2023, the demand for titanium dioxide is expected to reach new heights. One of the main drivers of this growth is the cosmetics and personal care industry. Titanium dioxide is widely used in sunscreens, skin care products and cosmetics for its excellent UV protection properties and ability to provide a smooth surface. With growing awareness of the harmful effects of UV radiation, consumers are increasingly inclined to invest in products with sun protection. This trend is expected to drive the demand for titanium dioxide over the next few years.

The chemical is also found in common household and industrial products such as paints, coatings, adhesives, paper, plastics and rubber, printing inks, coated fabrics and textiles, as well as ceramics.

According to Procurement Resource, the second half of the year would be passive for the price trendss of Titanium Dioxide. The major entities weighing on the prices are expected to be over-supply and matured inventories, sluggish demand from the downstream paints and varnishes, and enfeebled costs of upstream processes.

In addition to pigments and sunscreens, titanium dioxide is also used in the production of paper, food products, and pharmaceuticals. In the paper industry, titanium dioxide is added to paper coatings to improve brightness, smoothness, and printability. In the food industry, titanium dioxide is used as a whitening agent in products such as candies, chewing gum, and icing. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used as a coloring agent in tablets and capsules.

4. Technical Support and Service A collaborative relationship with suppliers can greatly enhance the user experience. Suppliers that provide technical support and advice about potential applications or formulations can add significant value to their customers.

Freshwater algae show low-to-moderate susceptibility to TiO₂ exposure, with more pronounced toxic effects in the presence of UV irradiation. It has also been shown that nano-sized TiO₂ is significantly more toxic to algae Pseudokirchneriella sub-capitata than submicron-sized TiO₂. Hund-Rinke and Simon  reported that UV irradiated 25 nm TiO₂ NPs are more toxic to green freshwater algae Desmodesmus subspicatus than UV irradiated 50 nm particles, which is in agreement with Hartmann et al. UV irradiated TiO₂ NPs also inactivated other algae species such as Anabaena, Microcystis, Melsoira and Chroococcus. It was demonstrated that smaller particles have a greater potential to penetrate the cell interior than submicron-sized particles and larger aggregates. Studies have shown that the amount of TiO₂ adsorbed on algal cells can be up to 2.3 times their own weight.